SCIENCE+2

__ The functions of the micronutrients in Plants __ The functions of those seven micronutrients in Plants are:  - **Zinc (Zn):  ** Ø Essential for the transformation of carbohydrates. Ø Regulates consumption of sugars. Ø Part of the enzyme systems which regulate plant growth. Ø Sources of zinc are soil, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate, zinc chelate.

- **Iron (Fe): ** Ø Essential for formation of chlorophyll. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;">Ø <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sources of iron are the soil, iron sulfate, iron chelate.

<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: Tunga; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; msofareastfontfamily: Tunga; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore;">- **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Copper (cu **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">) <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: ES; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: ES; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;">Ø <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Important for reproductive growth <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES;">. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;">Ø <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Aids in root metabolism and helps in the utilization of proteins.

<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: Tunga; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: Tunga; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontweight: bold;">- **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Boron (B) ** <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;">Ø <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Helps in the use of nutrients and regulates other nutrients. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;">Ø <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Aids production of sugar and carbohydrates. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;">Ø <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Essential for seed and fruit development. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;">Ø <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sources of boron are organic matter and borax <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: Tunga; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: Tunga; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontweight: bold;">- **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Chloride ****<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> (Cl) **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: ES; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: ES; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;">Ø <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Aids <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES;"> plant metabolism. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;">Ø <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Chloride is found in the soil.

<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: Tunga; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; msofareastfontfamily: Tunga; msoansilanguage: ES; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontweight: bold;">- **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Manganese (Mn) ** <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;">Ø <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Functions with enzyme systems involved in breakdown of carbohydrates, and nitrogen metabolism. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;">Ø <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Soil is a source of manganese

<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-fareast-font-family: Tunga; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; msofareastfontfamily: Tunga; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore;">- **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES;">Molybdenum (Mo) **<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: ES;">: <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;">Ø <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Helps in the use of nitrogen <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings;">Ø <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Tunga; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Soil is a source of molybdenum.

These macronutrients are used in plants from the next ways: - Primary macronutrients: <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Nitrogen is a part of all living cells and is a necessary part of all proteins, enzymes and metabolic processes involved in the synthesis and transfer of energy. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Nitrogen is a part of chlorophyll, the green pigment of the plant that is responsible for photosynthesis <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Helps plants with rapid growth, increasing seed and fruit production and improving the quality of leaf and forage crops. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Nitrogen often comes from fertilizer application and from the air (legumes get their N from the atmosphere, water or rainfall contributes very little nitrogen) <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Like nitrogen, phosphorus (P) is an essential part of the process of photosynthesis. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Involved in the formation of all oils, sugars, starches, etc. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Helps with the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy; proper plant maturation; withstanding stress. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: ES; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: ES; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Effects rapid growth. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Encourages blooming and root growth. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Phosphorus often comes from fertilizer, bone meal, and superphosp <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Potassium is absorbed by plants in larger amounts than any other mineral element except nitrogen and, in some cases, calcium. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Helps in the building of protein, photosynthesis, fruit quality and reduction of diseases. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Potassium is supplied to plants by soil minerals, organic materials, and fertilizer. - Secondary macronutrients: <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Calcium, an essential part of plant cell wall structure, provides for normal transport and retention of other elements as well as strength in the plant. It is also thought to counteract the effect of alkali salts and organic acids within a plant. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Sources of calcium are dolomitic lime, gypsum, and superphosphate. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll in all green plants and essential for photosynthesis. It also helps activate many plant enzymes needed for growth. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Soil minerals, organic material, fertilizers, and dolomitic limestone are sources of magnesium for plants. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Essential plant food for production of protein. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Promotes activity and development of enzymes and vitamins. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-ansi-language: ES; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msoansilanguage: ES; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Helps in chlorophyll formation. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Improves root growth and seed production. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Helps with vigorous plant growth and resistance to cold. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">Ø  Sulfur may be supplied to the soil from rainwater. It is also added in some fertilizers as an impurity, especially the lower grade fertilizers.
 * __ How are these macronutrients used in plants? __**
 * Nitrogen (N): **
 * Phosphorus (P) **
 * Potassium (K) **
 * Calcium (Ca) **
 * Magnesium (Mg) **
 * Sulfur (S) **